مخارج الحروف وحركات التشكيل

[ميسا]

* مخارج الحروف وحركات التشكيل

تنقسم حروف الأبجدية العبرية من حيث طبيعة النطق بها حسب إصطدامها بأجزاء الفم المختلفة كما يلي :-

1- حلقية : وهي
الألف -الف א
الهاء - هي ה
حاء - حيت ח
عين-عاين ע
ويلحقها حرف راء- ريش ר في بعض القواعد

2- شفوية :- وهي
الباء-بيت ב
واو - فاف ו
ميم - ميم מ
فاء פ p

3- حنكية :- وهي
الجيم -جيمل ג
اليود ... الياء
كاف-كاف כ
قاف - قوف ק

4- لسانية :- وهي
الدال -دالت ד
طاء- طيت ט
لام -لامد ל
نون- نون נ
تاء- تاف ת

5- حروف الصفير :- وهي
زين -زاين ז
سامخ .. السين
شين -شين ש
צ الصاد .. تسادي


* الحروف المعجمية :-

في الأبجدية العبرية ثلاث حروف وهي :
الباء-بيت ב
كاف-كاف כ
فاء פ<<هذي p؟؟
هذه الاحرف تنطق على طريقتين في حالتي الإعجام والإهمال
تنطق بيت ... باء
كاف ....كاف
بي ..p... بي
اذا كانت معجمية " اي اذا كان في داخلها نقطة "

وتنطق
بيت ... فيت
كاف .... خاء
بي .... فاء
اذا كانت مهملة اي اذا كانت خالية من النقطة في وسطها


* حركات التشكيل
عدد حركات التشكيل في اللغة العبرية من حيث إفادتها خمسة وهي :-

1- ما يفيد الفتح ... ويعبر عنها بخط صغير تحت الحرف ... او شكل حرف تاء بالانجليزية صغير جدا تحت الحرف

2- ما يفيد الضم ... يعبر عنها بنقطة فوق الحرف
3- ما يفيد الكسر ... يعبر عنها بنقطة او ثلاث نقط تحت الحرف على شكل مثلت
4- السكون ...نقطتين فوق بعض "عموديتين تحت الحرف
5- الشدة وهي نقطة داخل الحرف


* المذكر والمؤنث والجمع :-
القاعدة هنا تقول
الجمع المذكر نضيف في اخر الكلمة حرفي ... يود " الياء " والميم
الجمع المؤنث نضيف في اخر الكلمة حرفي الواد والتاء
مثال
يلد ..معناه ولد
جمعها
يلديم ... اولاد

ايشا .. معناها زوجة
جمعها اشوت زوجات

وهكذا

وساوضح لكم لاحقا اكثر بعد تجهيز الحروف على الجهاز

* ملاحظة ختامية

سبق ان قلنا ان الحروف العبرية 23 حرف ... وهي تفي بالغرض لان بعض الحروف العربية تقابلها في العبرية حروف اخرى ومن نفس المخرج وكثيرا ما يكون ذلك في الفظ متشابهة المعني كما يتضح من الجدول التالي

الحرف العبري ............ الحرف العربي المقابل ....................... مثال
حيت ח ...................... حاء او خاء ............................... حلاف ... حليب
يود ................................. ياء او واو .......................... يلد " ولد "
صادي צ .......................... ص او ض او ظ ........................ ارتس " ارض "
شين او سين ש ............................. سين او شين .................... شال "سال " شور ."ثور"
كافכ ........................... ك او خاء ...................... اوخل "اكل "
عاينע ..................... ع او غ ............................. عيتس " قلم " عاين "عين "
-زاين ז ....... .... ز او ذ ............................... زراع "زرع "
دالت ד .......... د او ذ ......................................
دراش " طلب "

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