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Thermal Energy And Heat


The particles that make up a substance or object are always moving. The movement of these particles is a kind of kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the moving particles is called thermal energy. The more thermal energy an object has , the hotter it is.
For example , appliances such as computers and televisions get warmer as they run.
Some of the energy used by the appliance is changed into thermal energy.


Temperature is a measure of thermal energy. Temperature is the average of the kinetic energy of the particles in an object. The faster the particles in an object are moving, the higher the temperature of the object is. When two objects have the same temperature, the average kinetic energy of their particles is the same.


Two scales are commonly used to measure temperature. On the Celsius (or centigrade) scale, water at sea level freezes at 0C and boils at 100C. On the Fahrenheit scale, which nowadays is little used outside of the United States, water freezes at 32F and boils at 212F.


Thermal energy can be transferred between objects. When two objects are in contact, thermal energy moves from the objects that has the higher temperature to the one that has the lower temperature. For example, an ice cube in a glass of water melts because thermal energy from the water is transferred to the ice cube, which raises its temperature. Thermal energy that is transferred is celled heat. Heat always travels from hotter to cooler objects. When you touch an object that is colder than your hand, it may seem as though the cold is moving from it into your hand. In fact, the feeling is caused by the heat flowing out of your hand into the colder object.
(Adapted from Frank et al. 2000. Harcourt Science, book six.)