اذا ممكن ترجمة مقطع عن العولمة (ضروري)

[sha791]

The u.s.a. now became the sole world military superpower (which meant that more than ever it dominated economic policy through its control of transnational agencies such as the IMF and the World Bank who actively pursued neo-liberal policies). The opening up of the Eastern bloc hastened the process by which more and more corporations were becoming involved in transnational trade of one kind or other. Some firms outsourced their manufacturing, without attempting to invest in or control the overseas plants, merely globalizing their marketing strategies and distribution chains. Some franchised their brand and organizational expertise across nations. Others merely sought to increase the importance of export markets to their trading. The political and cultural influence of those corporations that had full-scale operations in many countries(multinational companies) increased as they took a bigger and bigger share of the of the global economy. But such companies differ widely in how much control is exerted by the head office over its branches.
Technological factors in the process of globalization include the development of new communications technologies, especially the internet ,but also the application of computing to the financial system. The latter enabled the internationalization of finance capital and services spurred on by the deregulation of banks and the floating of currencies .new financial instruments (warrants, options)became possible as computing power grew. and fast , cheap, transcontinental air travel underpinned a vast extension of global business exchange , as well as positioning tourism as a key global industry.
Vernacular globalizations
Globalization as a concept in journalism, politics and everyday life refers to something rather different than this historical trajectory. Let's look a little more closely at how the term seems to work in the ordinary life of the middle-class Westerner-these observations being impressionistic since there is little work on how globalization is conceptualized and perceived on the street . it can mean simply the shrinking of the world (the theoretical term is 'time-space compression') as instantiated in what have become a bunch of truisms. Our clothing is most likely made in china or some other 'third-world' country. Communicative distance is being destroyed by the web , cheap telephony and so on . jet travel is the bus service of the global era. This shrinking leads to sameness: the sense that national and local differences are being erased as import\ export trade grows and brands are globalised. Shopping in Singapore is like shopping in Vancouver, which is like shopping in berlin. Less commonly globalization is understood to mean that nation-states are becoming less powerful-the populist right-wing attack on the united nations in the united states is just one expression of this. Globalization is also often connected to large-scale movements of labor and the politics of immigration and multiculturalism as they have taken shape since the 1970s. vernacular globalization can also imply what they call either a transnational multiculturalism or a popular cosmopolitanism, which probably does carry beyond the rich West. I mean by this the transnational 'we are all one' feeling, promoted by Benetton, the Olampics, the various World Cups and satellite television charity events such as 1985's 'Live Aid' concert. Such popular cosmopolitanism is also triggered by geography itself, and , historically, can be seen in the popularization of globes, which allow people to imagine the world as a planet they share with others. Nowadays geographical globality is probably communicated most effectively through ventures into space. The glob is a smallish image when beamed back from a spacecraft-as, for instance, seen on satellite weather maps. Our identification with the spatial view of the planet 'from above' allows us more easily to imagine a global community.
Popular cosmopolitanism can also mean the kind of transnational or cross-cultural sensibility and competence that are required by diasporic peoples, who often have to live within two cultures. Eilipino maids in kuwait; Sudanese taxi-drivers in Australia; Maori building labourers in Chicago; Mexican car-washers on the U.S eastern seaboard; Pakistani shopkeepers in Britain; Iraqi traders in Indonesia; Australian teachers in Papua New Guinea; Turkish piece-workers in Germany; even middle-class south Asian IT workers in Vancouver-all these folk need a capacity to work and think across cultures if they are to survive. but such capacities are not limited to those who travel: in southern Africa most people (except for the whites) have, for decades, spoken more than one language and dealt intimately with more than one culture as they negotiate with their employers and their neighbors from other tribes. A South Asia working for a US bank's phone help-line in Mumbai needs to be able to inhabit(and impersonate) a certain Americanness daily. It's likely that globalization will disseminate such cosmopolitanism much more widely.
A further sense of vernacular globalization is much more negative. globalization in this sense means the increasing control of local and national economies by big capitalism and neo-libral policies so as to reduce local autonomy and rights and increase insecurity of employment and a wider sense of dislocation. globalization here is regarded as being to blame for continuing and increasing economic inequities across nations and regions. This sense of globalization merges into another: globalization as the Americanization of the world, sometimes for good, mainly for ill.