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-   -   مقال من جريدة الفاتيكان الرسمية...من يترجمه لوجه الله! (http://www.loghaty.com/vb3/showthread.php?t=15636)

karam_144 03-12-2009 10:00 AM

مقال من جريدة الفاتيكان الرسمية...من يترجمه لوجه الله!
 
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله يا شباب
هذه أول مشاركة لي في المنتدى، وأرجو أن أجد من أحدكم الاستجابة لطلبي:^37^:
هذا مقال نشر في صحيفة ألأوسيرفاتوري رومانو الإيطاليه للكاتبتين لوريتا نابليوني وكلوديا سيجري يدعوان فيه الغرب إلى الأخذ ببعض الآليات التي تتيحها قواعد الاقتصاد الإسلامي، مثل آلية الصكوك، للخروج من الأزمة الاقتصادية...
فهل أجد من بينكم من يترجم المقال؟ أرجو ذلك!


اقتباس:

L'islam può aiutare la finanza dell'occidente
"

اقتباس:

È necessario ricordare come, alla fine del xix secolo, i sostenitori dei principi e i cultori della finanza islamica abbiano espresso ripetutamente il malcontento verso la penetrazione del capitalismo nei Paesi musulmani. Parecchie fatwa sono state pubblicate per ribadire come le attività basate sull'interesse della banca dei "colonizzatori" fossero incompatibili con la shar'ia. Tuttavia le sole banche presenti nel mondo musulmano erano l'espressione di istituzioni occidentali e le popolazioni di fede musulmana hanno dovuto utilizzarle nonostante dal loro punto di vista si trattasse di entità non ammissibili e basate su attività proibite dalla legge religiosa vigente, che permea il tessuto socio-economico di questi Paesi. A partire dalla metà degli anni Cinquanta sino alla metà degli anni Settanta, gli economisti, i finanzieri, gli eruditi della shar'ia e gli intellettuali hanno studiato la possibilità dell'abolizione del tasso di interesse e la creazione di istituzioni finanziarie concentrate su un'alternativa "shar'ia-compatibile" secondo il principio della riba, cioè la proibizione del pagamento di interesse come remunerazione al time decay. Inoltre è stata compresa la necessità che un nuovo sistema economico islamico incorporasse soluzioni per ottemperare ad alcuni dei doveri fondamentali dei fedeli musulmani quali la zakat, ovvero il versamento obbligatorio per aiutare i poveri commisurato al patrimonio disponibile, piuttosto che forme di finanziamento per il pellegrinaggio alla Mecca. Le prime soluzioni proposte in un ambito di economia islamica applicata sono entrate in vigore negli anni Cinquanta a Kuala Lumpur in Malesia e nel Basso Egitto. L'esperimento malese, promosso dalla gestione e dal fondo dei pellegrini della Malesia, era sostenuto dal governo. Il quale, tra l'altro, si pose nella condizione di monitorare le istituzioni finanziarie dedite alla raccolta del risparmio e del relativo investimento in conformità con la shar'ia.

L'elemento fondamentale e più noto del funzionamento delle banche islamiche coincide con il rifiuto di utilizzare l'interesse sia come variabile pura, applicata ai crediti, sia come parte integrante di altre operazioni; diviene quindi necessario individuare meccanismi alternativi che siano in grado di determinare il tasso di ritorno sui capitali e gli investimenti nel rispetto degli assiomi etici islamici. L'economia islamica, diversamente dall'economia di mercato convenzionale, è incentrata sui principi religiosi dell'islam ed è orientata a mantenere i musulmani in linea con i dettami della shar'ia, la legge religiosa che dirige le loro vite. Gli attivisti islamici, gli intellettuali, i produttori e i capi religiosi hanno sostenuto sempre la validità della proibizione della riba, l'interesse caricato da chi presta denaro, e denunciato la maisir e la gharar, che ricomprendono la speculazione informativa e l'insider trading. I soldi non devono quindi essere usati come prodotto in sé, per generare più soldi.

Il fondo a gestione alternativa e le azioni ordinarie e privilegiate sono evitati dalla finanza islamica perché portano a una creazione artificiale della moneta. I soldi sono mezzi o strumento produttivo, ed è questo il principio applicato nelle obbligazioni cosiddette sukuk. Il sukuk è collegato sempre all'investimento reale, per esempio per pagare la costruzione di una strada o immobile, e mai a scopi speculativi.

Questo principio balza dal divieto della shar'ia sull'haram, che ricomprende le attività non eticamente corrette e vietate dal Corano come la produzione e distribuzione di armi, il commercio di tabacco, alcol, pornografia e il gioco d'azzardo. Nel cuore della ricerca di una forma etica e shar'ia compliant si è così creata una joint-venture eccezionale. Questa alleanza ha visto una comunione di intenti tra gli eruditi benestanti e gli studiosi della shar'ia che hanno cominciato a lavorare insieme al servizio di una rinnovata e più forte finanza islamica. Quest'associazione insolita è un fenomeno unico nell'economia moderna, ma ha cementato di fatto il fondamento di un nuovo sistema economico.

Fra le differenze più salienti tra l'approccio alla finanza convenzionale e la finanza islamica vi è l'unione di sforzi messi in campo a livello comunitario che si trasfigura poi nel concetto di umma, il corpo dei credenti, la comunità islamica considerata come una singola entità che respira, pensa e prega all'unisono. È questa l'anima dell'islam.

L'individualismo all'interno dell'islam è sconosciuto, poiché è completamente estraneo alle culture tribali. L'islam è radicato nei valori tribali tradizionali quali il forte sentimento di appartenenza e l'obbligo di aiutare gli amici nel bisogno, così come l'accettazione dell'autorità dei capi religiosi. Questi sono i valori che gli eruditi della shar'ia hanno trapiantato nell'economia islamica, principi che per secoli hanno permesso ai beduini arabi di sostenere uno stile di vita duro legato al rigore dell'ambiente desertico. Se l'umma è il cuore, l'associazionismo è come il battito cardiaco dell'economia islamica.

Pensiamo che la finanza islamica potrà contribuire alla rifondazione di nuove regole per la finanza occidentale, visto che stiamo affrontando una crisi che, superati gli iniziali problemi sulla liquidità, ora è diventata eminentemente una crisi di fiducia verso il sistema. Il sistema bancario internazionale ha bisogno di strumenti che riportino al centro l'etica del business, strumenti che permettano di raccogliere liquidità e aiutare a ricostruire la reputazione di un modello capitalistico che ha fallito.
La gente vuole investimenti sicuri e quindi torna a comprare in massa titoli governativi. Ma i rendimenti stanno scendendo rapidamente e sono ormai prossimi allo zero. Le banche occidentali potrebbero mutuare il sistema di garanzia dei sukuk oppure emettere direttamente sotto forma di sukuk per ottenere un obiettivo a supporto degli sforzi tesi allo stimolo della crescita economica. I sukuk potrebbero essere utilizzati ad esempio nella martoriata industria automobilistica o per finanziare le prossime Olimpiadi a Londra. Rispetto alla crisi del '29 si è formato per reazione un eccesso di liquidità stagnante che deve essere rimessa in moto e il sukuk potrebbe essere un veicolo adatto a tale scopo. E i principi etici che sono alla base della finanza islamica potrebbero riportare le banche più vicine alla clientela e al vero spirito di servizio che dovrebbe contraddistinguere ogni servizio bancario
.

Ennaser 03-12-2009 08:11 PM

شكرا جزيلا لك اخ karam_144 على طرح هذا الموضوع المهم، وأعدك بأني سأقوم بترجمة المقالة كاملة على الرغم من طولها وعلى الرغم أيضا من انشغالي لأن الموضوع في غاية الأهمية.. ولكن عندي طلب بسيط هو أن تضع لنا تاريخ نشر المقالة وإذا تم نشره على موقع الصحيفة على الانترنت أن تضع لنا الرابط وشكرا لك مرة أخرى

karam_144 03-13-2009 04:53 AM

العفو أخي العزيز ولا شكر على واجب وأحييك على تحملك مسئولية ترجمته وجزاكم الله خيرا
أما عن تاريخ النشر فهو الثالث من شهر مارس الجاري، وقد نشر الخبر في معظم المواقع الإخبارية لكن أحدًا لم ينشر المقال كاملا، وكنت قد وجدت تنويها عن محتواه في أحد المواقع الأجنبية لكن الموقع الأجنبي قد سلك هو الآخر المسلك نفسه الذي سلكته المواقع العربية، فلم يذكر الموضوع كاملا، لكنه تميز عنهم بوضعه رابطا إلى الجريدة الإيطالية، لكني لما ضغطت عليه، وجدت أن الخبر قد نقل إلى موضع آخر في أرشيف الجريدة الفاتيكانية، وهذا الأرشيف لا يطلع عليه إلا المشتركون بمبلغ معين.
لكن بتوفيق الله و لحسن الحظ فقد حاولت البحث عنه مستخدما اسم الجريدة مكتوبا بالإيطالية ثم كلمة اقتصاد بالإيطالية وكلمة إسلامي، فوجدت الموضوع في مدونة لم يكتف صاحبها بالتنويه عن الخبر، بل زاد ونقل الموضوع كاملا، رغم أنه ليس مسلما على ما يبدو والله أعلم
رابط الموضوع من المدونة
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